Archive for September 18th, 2007

KENYA: Livelihoods Hit as Water Hyacinth Takes Over Lake Victoria

Posted on 18 September 2007. Filed under: Environment |

Photo: Ann Weru/IRIN

The water hyacinth is clogging up bays on Lake Victoria

KISUMU, Kenya (IRIN) – Titus Mula, a fisherman, watches apprehensively as the floating weed draws nearer to the shore, carried by the waves.

“If this continues, in a couple of weeks the entire bay will be covered by the weed,” Mula said.

The water hyacinth, a free-floating perennial aquatic plant native to tropical South America, is suffocating Lake Victoria, the second-largest fresh-water lake in the world.

“When the weed first appeared on the lake people were not concerned,” he said. “We did not think the weed could pose any serious danger because of its beautiful flowers.”
However, the effects started being felt in 1997 when the beaches of Dunga, Kichinjio and Hippo point in Kisumu, in western Kenya, were rendered inaccessible to fishing boats, Mula said.

The water hyacinth moves seasonally with the waves from bay to bay blocking water-ways and affecting aquatic life as it sucks oxygen from the water.

“Whenever the weed lands on our bays, our catches decline,” Mula said, “The weed also entangles nets, making it difficult to fish. It becomes harder for us to catch the Nile Perch as the fish moves into the open waters away from the oxygen-deprived waters near the weeds,” he said. Tilapia is also affected, he said, with the decomposing hyacinth blocking breeding grounds.

Due to decreasing catches, the price of fish routinely goes up, he said. Early this year, the price shot up from 40 shillings (US 60 cents) to 120 shillings ($1.80), with middlemen taking advantage of the shortage to further hike prices, he said.

Blow to livelihoods

It is estimated that at least one-third of the populations of the three East African countries of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania derive their livelihoods from the lake through subsistence fishing and agriculture.

Despite its adverse effects, the water hyacinth has, however, led to the flourishing of other fish species better adapted to less oxygenated water, including cat fish and lung fish.

The weed also provides a “closed season”, preventing over-fishing in the bays it clogs up, allowing for the regeneration of the lake’s fish stock as some species hide within the hyacinth.

However, according to Mula, the adverse effects of the weed far outweigh its benefits.
The weed often blocks water-intake points, affecting supplies to Kisumu and other towns on the shores of the lake, according to the regional manager of the Lake Victoria South Water Regulatory Management Authority, Margaret Abira.

“The water quality may also be affected due to the decomposition of the plant,” Abira said, “which releases nutrients into the water leading to the blooming of algae, which may produce some toxic substances. This makes the treatment of water more costly as normal procedures are not as effective.”

Pest control

It is estimated that the River Kagera in Rwanda carries two hectares of the weed to the lake daily, along with nutrient-rich waters from degraded catchment areas.

According to Mwende Kusera of the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), unusually heavy rains in the catchment areas in 2006 brought in a lot of nutrients, encouraging the germination of water hyacinth seeds – hence the resurgence. The seeds can survive for at least 15 years.

Photo: Ann Weru/IRIN

Titus Mula, a fisherman from Kisumu, aboard a boat on the Kiboko beach in Kisumu

At the height of the water hyacinth problem in 2001, when the weed covered an estimated 12,000 hectares on the Kenyan and Ugandan sides of the lake, KARI, through the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Programme, carried out mechanical harvesting and biological control of the weed using weevils.

There was a 90 percent success rate by 2005, said Jane Wamuongo, the national coordinator of the project.

However, those gains appear to be dissipating. “This is not unexpected due to the migratory nature of the weed,” she said. Local community involvement in the release of the weevils has also waned.

Without project funding, it is also difficult to carry out monitoring for control, she said, adding that there was a need to reduce dependence on donor funding for sustainability.
According to Wamuongo, intervention measures need to be basin-wide, with better methods of effluent treatment and the restoration of degraded catchment areas to reduce the levels of nutrients and pollutants reaching the lake, along with harvesting and biological control.

“The water hyacinth problem is not a one-person, one-sector approach,” she said.

While a long-term solution to ridding the lake of the water hyacinth is still being sought, local communities need to look into alternative uses for the weed, which could be used to generate bio-gas or as weaving material, according to an environment officer with the National Environment Management Authority in charge of Kisumu, Wilson Busienei.

“If there is a commercial use for the weed, then maybe its levels can be brought under control,” he said.

KENYA: Trapped In Budalangi Flood Plain

Posted on 18 September 2007. Filed under: Environment |

Photo: Ann Weru/IRIN

Makunda Primary School has been submerged after the Nzoia river burst its banks in Budalangi, Busia district, Kenya

BUSIA, Kenya (IRIN) – For Grimanus Otuka, a father of four and resident of Budalangi, in Hakati division of Kenya’s western Busia district, the area is not a comfortable place to live because of the floods every few years.

“We are continually rebuilding our houses only for the floods to affect us again,” said Otuka. “We keep losing our property and unfortunately this time round some people also died. We are always starting from scratch.”

Otuka’s family is one of hundreds displaced after the recent flooding. At least 20,000 people were forced to leave their homes, according to the Kenya Red Cross Society (KRCS). Budalangi has an estimated population of 64,000 people.

Otuka recalled the latest inundation on 15 August. “The river burst its banks suddenly, with so much force, people were screaming, running from the market,” said Otuka.

The flooding occurred when the southern dyke on the River Nzoia was breached for the second time in four months. The dykes were constructed in the 1970s.

“I was only able to save my family but lost most of my household goods,” said Otuka. “Will you run for the sufuria [cooking pot] before saving the child?

“We live in a precarious location, between the river and the swamp,” he said. “The water from the swamp comes to our homes, with the area that seems a bit higher being closest to the river.”

Marooned villages

According to Otuka, the recurrent floods are sinking the area’s residents into even deeper poverty. Most people in Budalangi subsist on maize, beans and millet.

“Following the floods we are hard-pressed and wondering whether to rebuild our houses or pay school fees for the children,” he said.

I was only able to save my family but lost most of my household goods … will you run for the cooking pot before saving the child?

It is estimated that 800 families have been displaced while an additional 900 are indirectly displaced (their farmlands and homes are partially submerged), according to the KRCS. An average family has seven members.

The entire southern part of Budalangi is completely submerged with the Maduwa, Bukhuma, Bulwani, Iyanga, Runyu, Khajula and Bubamba villages marooned.

The displaced people have settled in six camps. “Life in the camp is hard; we just sit and do nothing, we are not used to this,” said Otuka, who worked as a carpenter before the flooding but is now at the Mukhobola Health Centre camp.

Moreover, the flooding in Budalangi has also affected the education of hundreds of students in the area. So far, a primary and a secondary school have been closed. At least 12 schools are submerged, as are four health centres, according to the KRCS.

Otuka is worried about the children’s education: “We have children sitting for the class
8 and form 4 examinations at the end of the year and we are worried about their performance in the national exams.”

With the flooding taking place just before the harvesting season, most of the residents of Budalangi have been forced to rely on aid from the government and relief agencies such as the KRCS, World Vision and MSF-Spain.

Local resident Paul Olonda, a father of 16, said the recent flooding had become more severe: “Before, we never used to go to the camps as we were not many. We would go to those places that were not flooded to stay there,” he said. “The waters used to recede quickly then; the rains seem to go on throughout the year in the upper catchment nowadays.”

Catchment area

The rainfall intensity in the area had not increased but the dykes were not coping as they should due to the increased speed of water flows attributable to the loss of vegetation cover on the River Nzoia’s upper catchment areas of Mt Elgon, Cherangani and Kaptagat hills, the regional manager of the Lake Victoria South Water Regulatory Management Authority, Margaret Abira, said.

Normally the Nzoia is a small shallow river, with 90,000 million cubic metres of water in the high season. However, the destruction of the wetlands was increasing the amount of water coming to the river as trees were replaced with maize, which does not hold water adequately.

“The water comes down ferociously,” she said. Budalangi has an annual average rainfall of about 600mm while the catchment areas receive triple that.

Photo: Ann Weru/IRIN

Grimanus Otuka outside his temporary shelter at the Mukhobola Health Centre in Hakati, Busia, Kenya

The increase in the population had also encouraged the encroachment on flood plains, endangering lives and causing the loss of property, she said.

According to Abira, ideally the dykes should be relocated to give the river its space although the investment needed was significant.

Political will

According to Nichodemus Okango of the KRCS in Busia, there is a lack of political will to finding a lasting solution to the flooding problem.

Moreover, there is no adequate flood-response mechanism. “Sometimes we need aircraft but our stakeholders, such as the army, are using them elsewhere on duty,” Major SK Sane, the operations officer at the national disaster operations centre in the Office of the President, said.

“Often our own priorities conflict with those of our seconders, preventing us from responding promptly to emergency situations and leading to disasters,” Sane said.

A holistic approach was needed, said Abira, including dyke-building, catchment management, observation of environmental rules in road construction and possible relocation.

“Vegetation should be planted in the catchment areas to reduce flash run-off because no matter how strong the dykes are they will break if there is no management of the upper catchment to reduce the speed of water flows and retain some of the water upstream,” she said.

Moreover, she suggested the use of the water upstream for electricity generation to reduce the water speed, along with the introduction of artificial banks to decrease the flow energy of the water.

The rampant poverty should also be addressed as it is the reason the people are exposing themselves to risk, she said. “There is a need for the improvement of livelihoods in harmony with the environment.”

According to Abira, the flooding problem will not disappear as interventions, such as reforestation, take time.

Dam solutions

In the long term, water harvesting on the upper catchment through the construction of a multi-purpose structure such as a dam should be considered to reduce the amount of water reaching the low-lying areas, Sabuni Wanyonyi, the regional manager of the Lake Victoria North Catchment area, said.

“The management of the flooding problem should also be synchronised from the source point to the end point,” he said, “When do the rains in the catchment translate into floods?”

The government is conducting a study to establish a 10-year donor-funded project to help control the flooding and improve the livelihoods of local residents. In the meantime, the residents of Budalangi will continue to live with the flooding.

“As much as people are attached to the land, there is a need for us to live in a better place,” Otuka said. “The floods are tiring.

“If I could afford it, I would buy land in the upper areas to move out of the lower regions affected by the floods,” he said.

“Already, those with a bit of money, such as the teachers, have moved to the higher areas. For the rest of us, where do we go?”

Related stories on this web log:

• Floods: Public Health Lessons for Kenya
• 40,000 Displaced, 5 Drown in Western Kenya Floods Disaster
• Western Kenya Flood Menace is Back